Causes and Effects of Sand and Dust Storms: What Has Past Research Taught Us? A Survey

Barren ground and sites with low coverage by vegetation (e.g., dunes, soil surfaces, dry lakes, riverbeds) are the main source areas of sand dust storms (SDS). The understanding causes, processes (abrasion, deflation, transport, deposition), influencing factors sandy dusty particles moving wind both in boundary layer atmosphere basic prerequisites to distinguish between SDS. Dust transport modulates radiation, ocean surface temperature, climate, as well snow ice cover. effects airborne on land varied can cause advantages disadvantages, sink or deposition areas, disturbances natural environments anthropogenic infrastructure. Particulate matter general SDS specifically severe health problems human respiratory other organs, especially children. Economic impacts be equally devastating, but costs related not thoroughly studied. available data show huge economic damages caused mitigation their effects. Management SDS-related hazards utilizes remote sensing techniques, on-site observations, protective measures. Integrated strategies necessary during planning monitoring these Such integrated successful when they developed implemented close cooperation local regional population stakeholders.